A meniscus lens gives the flattest field when mounted with the concave surface towards the subject, and the aperture in front of the lens. In this arrangement, the focal length is measured from slightly behind the lens. In some cheap cameras, the convex surface is towards the subject and the aperture behind the lens. In such an arrangement, the focal length is measured from slightly in front of the lens. For identical focal lenths, this results in a more compact camera, but with greature curvature of field. Sometimes the film was curved slightly to compensate for this. The classic box cameras made from the late 19th centure to the middle of the 20th centurey usually used the first arrangement. Some had adjustable apertures for sharper images. These could produce suprisingly good contact prints. The so-called landscape lens used in the early days of photography used this arrangement with a two element cemented achromat meniscus lens. Some of the folding Kodaks also used an achromat meniscus lens. |